沿海城市多灾种耦合危险性评估的初步研究——以福建泉州为例

如何处理区域内多灾种之间的相互作用关系是当前多灾种综合风险评估研究的热点和难点之一。在梳理沿海城市多灾种之间相互作用关系的基础上,提出一种基于触发关系的多灾种耦合危险性评估方法。首先选取多指标建立单灾种分级方案,计算单灾种初始危险性指数;然后构建基于触发关系的多灾种耦合规则,结合GIS技术进行空间耦合,计算耦合后的危险性指数;最后对耦合后的多灾种危险性的综合进行了探讨。以福建省泉州市为例进行了案例研究,结果表明:该方法在多灾种耦合危险性评估中具有可行性,为后续多脆弱性和多灾种综合风险的研究提供支持,为决策者进行科学风险管理提供依据。     

NGO collaboration in community post‐disaster reconstruction: field research following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

The number of communities affected by disasters has been rising. As a result, non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) that attend community post‐disaster reconstruction are often unable to deliver all requirements and have to develop cooperative approaches. However, this collaboration can cause problems because of the complex environments, the fight for limited resources and uncoordinated management, all of which result in poor service delivery to the communities, adding to their woes. From extensive field research and case studies conducted in the post‐Wenchuan earthquake‐stricken communities, this paper introduces an integrated collaboration framework for community post‐disaster reconstruction with the focus on three types of NGOs: international, government organised and civil. The proposed collaboration framework examines the three interrelated components of organisational structure, operational processes and reconstruction goals/implementation areas. Of great significance in better promoting collaborative participation between NGOs are the crucial concepts of participatory reconstruction, double‐layer collaborative networks, and circular review and revision.     

地方政府地震风险预防与应急准备:实践、挑战及对策——基于广东河源市的分析

地震是广东河源市常见的自然灾害,频发的地震和作为城市重大风险源的新丰江水库可能诱发地震的双重影响对河源市地震应急预防准备工作提出严峻挑战,提升河源市政府和相关部门的地震应急能力尤为重要。根据对河源市地震应急预防准备工作现状的实地调研访谈、问卷调查和分析,阐述了河源市在地震应急预防准备工作进行的实践探索、待改善的方面,在借鉴国内外经验基础上,提出了加强和改进河源市地震预防与应急准备工作的对策建议。     

α7nAChR在氯化甲基汞神经毒性中的作用

为探讨环境染污染物氯化甲基汞(methylmercury chloride,Me Hg Cl)的神经毒性作用机制,采用MTT、免疫细胞荧光、dot Blot、qRT-PCR等实验技术检测Me Hg Cl对PC12细胞活性及其α7亚型烟碱型胆碱能受体(α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7n AChR)蛋白和mRNA表达水平的影响。结果显示Me Hg Cl抑制PC12细胞活性,显著降低α7n AChR的蛋白和mRNA的表达水平,呈浓度依赖性。上述结果表明,Me Hg Cl对神经细胞毒性作用可能与抑制α7n AChR表达有关。     

运动对急性暴露于2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英大鼠肝组织酶活性的影响

为了研究运动对2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)急性暴露大鼠肝组织酶活性的影响,将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC)、染毒组(NT)、运动对照组(EC)、运动染毒组(ET)。染毒组(NT组与ET组)腹腔注射10μg·kg-1(以单位体重计)的TCDD,对照组(NC组与EC组)腹腔注射等量的玉米油;NT、NC组静养4周,ET、EC组运动(尾部负重5%游泳30分钟)4周。4周后,称重并宰杀大鼠,分离肝组织,称重后-80℃保存待测7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)、7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)及芳香烃羟化酶(AHH)的活性。将数据进行多因素方差分析(MAVONA)处理,结果表明,染毒可降低大鼠体重,增加肝湿重和肝相对重量、增加EROD、ECOD活性;运动可增加大鼠肝相对重量、增加AHH的活性;染毒后运动可降低EROD、ECOD的活性。结论:急性10μg·kg-1(以单位体重计)TCDD染毒后4周可增加大鼠肝相对重量;4周的运动能有效降低TCDD对EROD、ECOD活性的激活作用。     

七星河湿地氨氧化古菌多样性和丰度及其与环境因子的相关性分析

以典型东北寒温带沼泽湿地——七星河湿地中芦苇和小叶樟植被下不同深度土壤中氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea,AOA)为研究对象,以编码氨氧化作用关键酶——氨单加氧酶(AMO)的amo A基因为分子标记,通过构建克隆文库和生物信息学方法分析数据,考察了不同植被环境中AOA多样性和丰度的垂直分布规律,及其与环境因子的相关性.研究结果表明,小叶樟植被土壤中AOA amo A基因多样性显著高于芦苇植被土壤中amo A基因多样性,芦苇植被土壤中AOA amo A基因多样性在深度为40~60 cm土层中最高,AOA多样性与NH+4-N、NO-3-N含量呈正相关;小叶樟植被土壤中AOA amo A基因多样性在深度为20~40 cm土层中最高,AOA多样性与NH+4-N、NO-3-N含量呈正相关.芦苇植被土壤中AOA丰度最低值出现于0~20 cm土层中,到20~40 cm土层中出现最高值,随着深度增加AOA丰度下降,AOA丰度则与NO-2-N含量呈正相关.小叶樟植被土壤中AOA丰度变化趋势与芦苇不同,最高值出现于0~20 cm土层中,随着土层深度增加AOA丰度下降,到40~60 cm出现最低值,AOA丰度与NO-2-N、TOC含量呈正相关.两种植被土壤中AOA丰度均在60~90 cm处有升高趋势.芦苇植被土壤中AOA丰度约是小叶樟植被土壤中AOA丰度的1.49倍.以上结果为湿地AOA生态功能及分布模式的研究提供基础数据,对全球氮循环的研究提供补充.     

上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析

2013年11月30日至12月9日上海地区出现入冬以来一次最严重的持续性雾霾天气过程,严重影响了该地区人们的生活健康.本文借助空气质量数据、地面气象要素、卫星遥感数据并结合后向轨迹模式反映了此次重污染过程的污染特征及其成因.结果表明,污染期间,PM2.5与PM10小时浓度变化趋势基本一致,高浓度值出现在早晚8时左右,主要是由该时段的逆温现象造成的;来自西北方向污染物的远距离输送影响了本地空气质量状况,气团在不同高度层做下沉运动,造成大气层结稳定;该地区在西北方向的弱高压控制下,地面风速较小,能见度低,天气条件静稳,不利于污染物扩散,造成持续性重污染事件;卫星遥感数据显示此次污染为区域性污染.     

人工湿地常用生物陶粒基质LDHs覆膜改性及其除磷效果研究

分别利用3种二价金属化合物和3种三价金属化合物,采用水热共沉淀法在碱性条件下对人工湿地中常用的生物陶粒基质进行层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)覆膜改性,并将9种不同类型的LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒基质和普通生物陶粒基质分别填充于10个垂直流人工湿地模拟实验柱中,进行除磷净化实验.结果表明,9种不同类型的改性生物陶粒基质均能有效提高磷素的净化效果;Zn系LDHs改性生物陶粒对总磷、溶解性总磷、磷酸盐均有很好的处理效果,其中Zn Fe-LDHs、Zn Co-LDHs和Zn Al-LDHs对总磷的平均去除率均在92%以上,对溶解性总磷和磷酸盐的平均去除率均超过95%;其对磷素的净化机理主要集中于物理化学作用,同时还应与其对微生物生长的促进作用有关.     

Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th-8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2-1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.     

呼吸道防护基础理论及产品生产技术

本文重点论述了有关呼吸道防护的相关基础理论和用于呼吸道防护非织造布的生产技术.首先介绍了呼吸道防护中最基础的过滤理论,其中包括纤维束结构中的速度场和过滤效率以及单纤维过滤机理;其次介绍了非织造过滤材料的分类和非织造布的生产技术;最后介绍了呼吸道防护滤材的性能评估标准.